The Autobiography of a "Bengali" Elephant is the title of a novel written by Indian author and Nobel laureate Rudyard Kipling. It was first published in 1902, and it tells the semi-fictionalized account of the real-life elephant Jumbo, who had been brought to England from French Sudan in 1865 and exhibited in London Zoo until his death on September 15, 1885. In 1694, Dutch merchant Cornelius van Baerle was sentenced to life imprisonment by King Louis XIV for his part in what became known as "the tulip mania," an economic bubble during which prices of flowers soared after some bulbs were found to be unusually beautiful. He is sent to the notorious Gevangenpoort prison in Haarlem, where he shares a cell with the diarist Louis de Rouvroy, Marquis de Sade. De Sade attempts to persuade van Baerle to take up crystal gazing so that they will be able to communicate with each other by writing coded messages on the walls, but van Baerle refuses. Having heard rumors of an unripe greengage brought into prison for eating by a prisoner who favors it, van Baerle plants one in his cell and tends it carefully. His neighbor Stilgoeck hears his chanting of Psalm 54 over the plant and begins listening in. Van Baerle conceives a scheme whereby he can force Stilgoeck to reveal his secrets by threatening to reveal the greengage's location. Van Baerle sends his servant Rolla to arrange for the greengage to be removed from prison, but when Rolla is caught in possession of it by guards, he is executed on the spot. Van Baerle next attempts to swap his cell for that of Stilgoeck, which turns out to be empty. During a walk in the prison courtyard, van Baerle looks up at an elephant in its cage and notices that its trunk is bent in an unnatural angle. He inquires about the elephant's condition and wonders if it might be made straight by tying ropes to the bent legs and having other elephants pull on them. Attempting to employ this device, van Baerle discovers that he has been given a useless, completely paralyzed elephant. The affronted king orders van Baerle's release from prison. Van Baerle goes back to Leyden, where he marries his sweetheart Anna Brandt and becomes a wealthy scientist specializing in dendrology. In 1699 he travels to London as an honored guest of Sir Joseph Banks for a conference at the Royal Society of London on the education of orangutans. (Ten years earlier he had been caught as a stowaway on the voyage of the "Vergulde Draeck" that recovered orangutan specimens from Borneo.) At Banks' residence at Burlington House, van Baerle sees a handbill advertising Jumbo the original African elephant, who has recently arrived by ship from Saldanha Bay. The elephant's handler, a Scotsman named William Hogarth, imprisons van Baerle in his London home for refusing to pay a "premium" of £4 for an exclusive viewing of the animal. The original Jumbo is introduced to the crowd by Hogarth.
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